If B cells are the munitions factories of the immune system, manufacturing antibodies to neutralize harmful pathogens, then the tiny biological structures known as germinal centers are its ...

Germinal centers form in the body’s lymphatic tissues shortly after vaccination or infection. Once inside a germinal center, B cells undergo rapid mutations and, through a process of natural selection ...

The germinal centre (GC) of lymphoid organs is the main structure where antigen-activated B cells diversify their immunoglobulin genes by somatic hypermutation (SHM) to generate high-affinity ...

Marking its 200th anniversary in 2025, Germinal is celebrating two centuries of innovation in supporting farming and food production, evolving from its Belfast origins into a leader in the global ...