Human activity such as logging can lead to secondary succession, too. After these events, soil is still present, so the earliest stages of primary succession are not needed. In addition, seeds, roots ...

Tua Nylén, Miska Luoto, Primary succession, disturbance and productivity drive complex species richness patterns on land uplift beaches, Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 26, No. 2 (March 2015), pp.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 118, No. 2 (January 12, 2021), pp. 1-8 (8 pages) A number of recent studies have documented long-term declines in ...