We will never know how many died during the Butlerian Jihad. Was it millions? Billions? Trillions, perhaps? It was a fantastic rage, a great revolt that spread like wildfire, consuming everything in ...

Abstract: In traditional propositional logic(PL), the atomic part of formulas are proposition symbols. In first-order logic(FL) the atomic part of formulas are terms, predicates are relations among ...

Here’s what you’ll learn when you read this story: Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT show reasoning errors across many domains. Identifying vulnerabilities is good for public safety, industry, ...

The current Nobel Prize in Economics has been given to three economists — Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt — who have studied the role of technological change and creative destruction in ...

The Punjab and Haryana High Court ruled that individuals can face money laundering charges even if acquitted of the original crime. This landmark decision emphasizes the independent nature of money ...

Most vector search systems struggle with a basic problem: how to break complex documents into searchable pieces. The typical approach is to split text into fixed size chunks of 200 to 500 tokens, this ...

Propositional logic includes sentence letters (A, B, C, etc), which are assigned truth values, and logical connectives (AND, OR, NOT, IMPLICATION, EQUIVALENCE), but not quantifiers. This is also ...

Earlier this month, 36 sharp-witted high school students from around the globe stepped foot on the warm and breezy campus of Stanford University. Out of more than 4,000 students from more than 2,000 ...

For some decades now it has been a vogue to disparage the confession that the Scriptures are the very Word of God with the claim that since the Bible is made up of “propositional truth” it cannot ...

Abstract: The paper introduces a predicate version of two-layered fuzzy probability logic, extending the known propositional probability logic based on the infinite-valued logic of Lukasiewicz. The ...